Attempt the following:
(a) Write the output of the following statements:
(i) rep(X=C(T,F,T,F)\operatorname{rep}(\mathrm{X}=\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{T}, \mathrm{F}, \mathrm{T}, \mathrm{F}), times =C(2,1,2,3))=\mathrm{C}(2,1,2,3))
(ii) 5%//%35 \% / \% 3; diag (3)
Answer:
(a) Write the output of the following statements:
(i) rep(X=C(T,F,T,F)\operatorname{rep}(\mathrm{X}=\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{T}, \mathrm{F}, \mathrm{T}, \mathrm{F}), times =C(2,1,2,3))=\mathrm{C}(2,1,2,3))
In R, this statement would replicate the elements of the vector X=”c”(T,F,T,F)X = \text{c}(T, F, T, F) according to the times argument “c”(2,1,2,3)\text{c}(2, 1, 2, 3).
The output would be a logical vector: “c”(T,T,F,T,T,F,F,F)\text{c}(T, T, F, T, T, F, F, F)
(ii) 5%//%35 \% / \% 3; diag (3)
In R, 5 %% 3 would calculate the remainder of 5 divided by 3, which is 2.
(b) Differentiate between the use of the sep and collapse arguments of the paste() function.
Answer:
In R, the paste() function is used for concatenating strings. The sep and collapse arguments serve different purposes within this function:
sep Argument:
The sep argument specifies the string that separates the elements to be concatenated. It is used to separate multiple pieces of text that you are joining together.
For example:
paste("Hello","World", sep =" ")
Output: "Hello World"
Here, the sep argument puts a space between “Hello” and “World”.
collapse Argument:
The collapse argument is used when you have a vector of strings that you want to collapse into a single string. It specifies the separator between elements within the resulting single string.
For example:
paste(c("Hello","World"), collapse =" ")
Output: "Hello World"
Here, the collapse argument collapses the vector c("Hello", "World") into a single string, separating the elements by a space.
Key Differences:
sep is used to separate the elements that are being concatenated in a single call to paste().
collapse is used to collapse a vector of strings into a single string.
sep works between the elements in each function call, whereas collapse works on the entire vector to produce a single string.
Here’s an example that uses both sep and collapse:
In this example, sep = "-" puts a hyphen between elements being concatenated (“Hello” with “How”, “World” with “are”, and so on). Then collapse = " " collapses the resulting vector into a single string, separating each element by a space.