mmte-004-solved-assignment-2024-ss–8e24e610-06c9-4b43-84f6-a5bf6ef5ab5c

1. a) Explain what do you understand by the terms persistence, refresh rate, resolution, aspect ratio, horizontal and vertical retrace.

1. Persistence:
   • Persistence refers to the duration for which a phosphor coating on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen or an individual pixel on an LCD/LED screen continues to emit light after being excited by an electron beam or electrical signal. High persistence results in less flicker, but can cause motion blur, while low persistence reduces motion blur but may increase flicker.
2. Refresh Rate:
   • The refresh rate is the number of times per second that the display updates its image. It is measured in hertz (Hz). A higher refresh rate results in smoother motion and reduces flicker, making it particularly important for fast-paced video content and gaming.
3. Resolution:
   • Resolution refers to the number of distinct pixels that can be displayed on a screen. It is usually expressed as the width x height, such as 1920×1080. Higher resolution means more pixels and therefore more detail and clarity in the displayed image.
4. Aspect Ratio:
   • The aspect ratio is the ratio of the width of the display to its height. Common aspect ratios include 4:3 (traditional TV and computer monitors), 16:9 (widescreen displays and HDTVs), and 21:9 (ultrawide monitors).
5. Horizontal and Vertical Retrace:
   • In CRT displays, horizontal and vertical retrace refer to the process by which the electron beam returns to the starting position after scanning a line (horizontal retrace) or a frame (vertical retrace). During retrace, the beam is turned off (blanked) to avoid drawing visible lines on the screen. In modern LCD/LED displays, these terms are less relevant, as they do not use electron beams for image formation.

1. Initialize: $x=1,y=2$$x=1,y=2$x=1,y=2x = 1, y = 2$x=1,y=2$
2. For $x=1$$x=1$x=1x = 1$x=1$ to $10$$10$1010$10$:
   • Plot the pixel at $(x,\text{round}(y))$$(x,\text{round}(y))$(x,”round”(y))(x, \text{round}(y))$(x,\text{round}(y))$
   • Increment $x$$x$xx$x$ by 1
   • Increment $y$$y$yy$y$ by $m=\frac{2}{3}$$m=\frac{2}{3}$m=(2)/(3)m = \frac{2}{3}$m=\frac{2}{3}$

1. Initialization:
   • Start with the initial point $P_0(0,0)$$P_0(0,0)$P_(0)(0,0)P_0(0, 0)$P_0(0,0)$.
   • Determine the region where the curve is steep or shallow. For the curve $y^2=4x$$y^2=4x$y^(2)=4xy^2 = 4x$y^2=4x$, the curve is shallow in the interval $[0,10]$$[0,10]$[0,10][0, 10]$[0,10]$ since $dy/dx<1$$dy/dx<1$dy//dx < 1dy/dx < 1$dy/dx<1$.
2. Decision Parameter:
   • The decision parameter for the midpoint method is based on the difference between the curve’s equation and the midpoint’s coordinates. For the curve $y^2=4x$$y^2=4x$y^(2)=4xy^2 = 4x$y^2=4x$, the decision parameter at any point $(x,y)$$(x,y)$(x,y)(x, y)$(x,y)$ can be defined as:$$d=y^2-4x$$$$d=y^2-4x$$d=y^(2)-4xd = y^2 – 4x$$d=y^2-4x$$
   • For the initial point $P_0(0,0)$$P_0(0,0)$P_(0)(0,0)P_0(0, 0)$P_0(0,0)$, the decision parameter is $d_0=0^2-4\times 0=0$$d_0=0^2-4\times 0=0$d_(0)=0^(2)-4xx0=0d_0 = 0^2 – 4 \times 0 = 0$d_0=0^2-4\times 0=0$.
3. Iteration:
   • For each step in the x-direction, we need to decide whether to increment the y-coordinate based on the decision parameter.
   • If $d<0$$d<0$d < 0d < 0$d<0$, the next point is $(x+1,y)$$(x+1,y)$(x+1,y)(x + 1, y)$(x+1,y)$, and we update the decision parameter as $d_{\text{new}}=d+4y+4$$d_{\text{new}}=d+4y+4$d_(“new”)=d+4y+4d_{\text{new}} = d + 4y + 4$d_{\text{new}}=d+4y+4$.
   • If $d\ge 0$$d\ge 0$d >= 0d \geq 0$d\ge 0$, the next point is $(x+1,y+1)$$(x+1,y+1)$(x+1,y+1)(x + 1, y + 1)$(x+1,y+1)$, and we update the decision parameter as $d_{\text{new}}=d+4y+8$$d_{\text{new}}=d+4y+8$d_(“new”)=d+4y+8d_{\text{new}} = d + 4y + 8$d_{\text{new}}=d+4y+8$.
   • Repeat this process until $x$$x$xx$x$ reaches 10.
4. Symmetry:
   • Since the curve is symmetric about the x-axis, for each point $(x,y)$$(x,y)$(x,y)(x, y)$(x,y)$ on the curve, there is a corresponding point $(x,-y)$$(x,-y)$(x,-y)(x, -y)$(x,-y)$. We can plot both points simultaneously to take advantage of this symmetry.