Question Details
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Aspect |
Details |
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Programme Title |
BACHELOR OF ARTS (History) BA GENERAL (BAG) and BA HONOURS (BAHIH) |
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Course Code |
BHIE-142 |
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Course Title |
HISTORY OF MODERN EAST ASIA: JAPAN (1868-1945) |
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Assignment Code |
BHIE-142/AST/TMA/ 2024-2025 |
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University |
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) |
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Type |
Free IGNOU Solved Assignment |
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Language |
English |
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Session |
July 2024 – January 2025 |
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Submission Date |
31st March for July session, 30th September for January session |
BHIE-142 Solved Assignment
Assignment – I
Answer the following questions in about 500 words each.
Answer the following questions in about 500 words each.
- Write a note on the Tokugawa rule in Japan.
- In what ways did the Meiji Restoration lead to the creation of modern Japan?
Assignment – II
Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.
3. Why did the political parties fail in Japan? Explain.
4. Write a note on the process of Japanese imperialist expansion in the early twentieth century.
5. Discuss the political and economic implications of the Allied occupation of Japan.
3. Why did the political parties fail in Japan? Explain.
4. Write a note on the process of Japanese imperialist expansion in the early twentieth century.
5. Discuss the political and economic implications of the Allied occupation of Japan.
Assignment – III
Write a note on the following in about 100 words each.
6. Peoples Rights Movement in Japan.
7. Sericulture in Japan
8. Japan and the Indian National Army
9. Development of Trade Unions in Japan
10 Rise of Militarism in Japan
6. Peoples Rights Movement in Japan.
7. Sericulture in Japan
8. Japan and the Indian National Army
9. Development of Trade Unions in Japan
10 Rise of Militarism in Japan
Expert Answer
Assignment – I
Answer the following questions in about 500 words each.
Question:-01
Write a note on the Tokugawa rule in Japan.
Answer:
1. Overview of Tokugawa Rule
The Tokugawa rule, also known as the Edo period, was a time of significant transformation in Japanese history. It lasted from 1603 to 1868 under the Tokugawa shogunate, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The era is characterized by political stability, economic growth, and cultural flourishing. It marked the end of the Warring States period and ushered in a long period of peace and centralized control.
2. Establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate was established after Tokugawa Ieyasu emerged victorious in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. This victory allowed him to consolidate power and become the shogun, effectively becoming the military ruler of Japan. Ieyasu’s shrewd political maneuvers, including forming alliances and securing loyalty from key daimyos (feudal lords), enabled him to create a stable government.
Ieyasu established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (modern-day Tokyo), which became the administrative center of Japan. His rule was based on a hierarchical system that centralized power while retaining the existing feudal structure. This setup allowed for a balance of control between the central shogunate and the regional daimyos.
3. Political Structure and Governance
The Tokugawa shogunate operated under a strict feudal hierarchy. The shogunate maintained control over the daimyos, who governed their domains with considerable autonomy but were required to adhere to shogunate policies. To ensure loyalty, the shogunate implemented the sankin-kotai system, which required daimyos to alternate their residence between their domains and Edo. This system kept the daimyos under surveillance and reduced the likelihood of rebellion.
The Tokugawa regime also imposed a rigid class structure, with samurai at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. This social order was reinforced by strict laws and regulations, including sumptuary laws that dictated what people could wear and what occupations they could pursue.
4. Economic and Social Developments
The Edo period saw substantial economic growth and development. The Tokugawa shogunate implemented policies that promoted agriculture, including land surveys and improvements in irrigation. This led to increased agricultural productivity and a more stable food supply. The rise of commerce and trade, particularly in urban centers like Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto, also contributed to economic prosperity.
The Tokugawa era witnessed the growth of a vibrant merchant class and the expansion of a market economy. This economic boom led to the development of infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, which facilitated trade and communication. Despite this growth, the Tokugawa regime maintained a conservative approach to economic policy, emphasizing stability and control.
Socially, the Edo period was marked by the rise of a distinct urban culture. The flourishing of arts and entertainment, including Kabuki theater, ukiyo-e (woodblock prints), and literature, became prominent features of the time. This cultural renaissance reflected the growing affluence and leisure of the urban populace.
5. Isolationist Policies and Foreign Relations
One of the most notable aspects of Tokugawa rule was its isolationist foreign policy, known as sakoku. The Tokugawa shogunate sought to limit foreign influence and control trade. This policy restricted foreign contact and prohibited Japanese citizens from traveling abroad. Only limited trade was allowed with specific countries, such as the Dutch and the Chinese, through designated ports like Nagasaki.
The isolationist policy aimed to prevent the spread of Christianity and foreign political influence, ensuring that Japan remained politically and culturally homogeneous. While this policy contributed to internal stability, it also isolated Japan from the global developments of the 19th century, which eventually led to tensions with Western powers.
6. Decline and Fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate
The decline of the Tokugawa shogunate began in the mid-19th century, driven by both internal and external factors. Internally, the rigid social structure and economic difficulties, such as famines and financial crises, created dissatisfaction among the populace and the samurai class. Externally, pressure from Western powers, exemplified by Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival in 1853 and the subsequent signing of unequal treaties, challenged the shogunate’s authority and exposed its inability to protect Japan’s sovereignty.
The growing discontent among the samurai and the rise of nationalist movements led to increasing demands for political reform. By 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown in the Meiji Restoration, which restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji and initiated a period of rapid modernization and westernization.
Conclusion
The Tokugawa rule profoundly shaped Japan’s history, establishing a foundation for peace, stability, and economic growth. The Tokugawa shogunate’s centralized control, economic policies, and isolationist stance created a unique socio-political environment that lasted over 250 years. Despite its eventual decline, the legacy of Tokugawa rule influenced Japan’s transition into the modern era and laid the groundwork for the country’s future development.
Question:-02
In what ways did the Meiji Restoration lead to the creation of modern Japan?
Answer:
- Background and Causes of the Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration, which began in 1868, was a pivotal moment in Japanese history that marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji. The restoration was driven by a combination of internal discontent and external pressures. The Tokugawa shogunate’s inability to address economic hardships, social unrest, and military weaknesses, along with growing dissatisfaction among samurai and reform-minded factions, created a fertile ground for change.
Externally, Japan faced increasing pressure from Western powers, exemplified by Commodore Matthew Perry’s arrival in 1853 and the subsequent signing of unequal treaties. These treaties exposed Japan’s vulnerabilities and highlighted the need for modernization to resist foreign domination and maintain sovereignty.
- Political and Administrative Reforms
One of the most significant aspects of the Meiji Restoration was the transformation of Japan’s political and administrative structures. The abolition of the feudal system dismantled the Tokugawa shogunate’s power and centralized authority under Emperor Meiji. This shift aimed to create a unified, modern state.
The new government implemented a series of reforms to build a centralized bureaucracy. The Ishin Shinshi (Restoration) leaders, including key figures like Ito Hirobumi and Kido Takayoshi, introduced the Bunkyo (Civil Code) and the Meiji Constitution in 1889, which established a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. This constitution provided a framework for governance and aimed to modernize Japan’s legal and administrative systems.
The abolition of the samurai class and the creation of a conscript army also marked significant changes. The establishment of a national army under state control reduced the power of regional daimyos and integrated military forces into a unified national structure.
- Economic and Industrial Development
Economic modernization was a cornerstone of the Meiji Restoration. The new government recognized the need to industrialize Japan to compete with Western powers and achieve economic independence. To this end, the government undertook several initiatives to foster industrial growth.
The Meiji government invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as the construction of railways, ports, and telecommunication networks. This infrastructure facilitated the movement of goods and people, boosting trade and economic activity.
Industrial policies included the establishment of state-owned enterprises in key sectors like textiles, shipbuilding, and mining. These industries were later privatized, leading to the rise of powerful industrial conglomerates known as zaibatsu (e.g., Mitsubishi, Sumitomo). The government also promoted technological advancements by sending students and officials abroad to learn from Western industrial practices and inviting foreign experts to Japan.
- Social and Educational Reforms
Social reforms during the Meiji era were designed to modernize Japanese society and promote equality and meritocracy. The abolition of the caste system and the implementation of compulsory education were major steps toward creating a more egalitarian society.
The Meiji government introduced a national education system based on Western models, focusing on science, technology, and practical skills. This education system aimed to produce a skilled workforce capable of supporting Japan’s modernization efforts. The establishment of universities and technical schools further contributed to the development of a knowledgeable and innovative populace.
In addition to education, social reforms included the promotion of gender equality, although progress in this area was gradual. Women’s rights were expanded to some extent, including access to education and involvement in the workforce, but traditional gender roles persisted in many aspects of society.
- Cultural and Ideological Shifts
The Meiji Restoration also led to significant cultural and ideological changes. The government sought to modernize Japanese culture while preserving traditional values. This led to a synthesis of Western and Japanese influences, creating a unique blend of modernity and tradition.
Westernization affected various aspects of Japanese life, including fashion, architecture, and cuisine. The adoption of Western legal and political ideas, such as constitutional governance and parliamentary democracy, played a crucial role in shaping modern Japan’s identity.
At the same time, the government promoted a sense of nationalism and loyalty to the Emperor as a unifying force. This emphasis on national pride and imperial reverence helped solidify Japan’s identity as a modern, independent nation.
- Foreign Policy and Expansion
The Meiji Restoration significantly impacted Japan’s foreign policy and international relations. The government pursued a policy of active engagement with Western powers, seeking to renegotiate unequal treaties and establish Japan as a respected global player.
Japan’s foreign policy included territorial expansion, exemplified by victories in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). These conflicts demonstrated Japan’s military capabilities and solidified its status as a rising power in East Asia. The acquisition of territories like Taiwan and Korea further expanded Japan’s influence in the region.
Conclusion
The Meiji Restoration was a transformative period that led to the creation of modern Japan. Through political, economic, social, and cultural reforms, Japan rapidly industrialized and integrated into the global community. The restoration’s emphasis on modernization, combined with efforts to preserve traditional values, shaped Japan’s trajectory as a major world power. The legacy of the Meiji era continues to influence Japan’s development and its role in international affairs.
Assignment – II
Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.
Question:-03
Why did the political parties fail in Japan? Explain.
Answer:
Political parties in Japan have faced significant challenges leading to their perceived failures, driven by a combination of structural, strategic, and cultural factors.
One core issue is the fragmentation within Japanese political parties. The political landscape has been marked by frequent mergers, splits, and realignments, resulting in a lack of stable, cohesive parties. The absence of strong ideological distinctions between parties often leads to voter confusion and disengagement. This fragmentation dilutes party platforms and hampers their ability to present a unified vision to the electorate.
Additionally, Japan’s electoral system contributes to these difficulties. The mixed-member majoritarian system combines single-member districts with proportional representation, creating a complex electoral environment. This system has favored larger parties, such as the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has been able to consolidate power despite internal divisions. Smaller parties struggle to gain traction, as they are often marginalized in a system that rewards established parties with significant resources.
Another significant factor is the lack of political reform. Despite occasional attempts at reform, many systemic issues remain unaddressed. The entrenched political culture, characterized by clientelism and factionalism, impedes the development of new, effective political entities. The influence of vested interests and a bureaucratic governance model further complicate efforts to modernize and streamline party operations.
The public’s growing disillusionment with politics exacerbates these problems. Scandals, corruption, and the perception of ineffectiveness have eroded trust in political institutions. This disillusionment has led to lower voter turnout and a general apathy towards political parties, making it difficult for them to mobilize support and enact meaningful change.
In conclusion, the failure of political parties in Japan can be attributed to fragmentation, an electoral system that favors larger parties, a lack of effective reform, and public disillusionment. Addressing these issues requires significant systemic changes and a renewed focus on engaging and representing the electorate effectively.
Question:-04
Write a note on the process of Japanese imperialist expansion in the early twentieth century.
Answer:
In the early twentieth century, Japanese imperialist expansion was marked by a series of strategic and military moves that significantly altered the political landscape of East Asia.
The process began with Japan’s victory in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), which established its status as a formidable regional power. The Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ended the war, granted Japan control over Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands, and recognized its influence over Korea. This victory emboldened Japan and laid the groundwork for further expansion.
In 1904-1905, Japan engaged in the Russo-Japanese War, primarily over control of Manchuria and Korea. Japan’s successful outcome in this conflict, formalized by the Treaty of Portsmouth, further expanded its influence. Japan secured rights to South Manchuria and the strategic Port Arthur, as well as a leasehold on Dalian, consolidating its foothold in northeastern China.
The early 20th century also saw Japan solidify its dominance over Korea. The Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 formally annexed Korea, making it a Japanese colony. This annexation marked the peak of Japan’s expansionist policies, leading to significant economic and infrastructural investments in Korea, albeit with severe socio-political repercussions for the Korean people.
Japan’s expansion continued into the 1930s with aggressive moves into China. The invasion of Manchuria in 1931, followed by the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo, demonstrated Japan’s intent to assert control over Chinese territories. The Second Sino-Japanese War, which began in 1937, marked a period of brutal occupation and further territorial ambitions, culminating in Japan’s invasion of much of eastern China.
These expansionist efforts were driven by a combination of strategic interests, resource needs, and nationalist ideology. Japan’s imperialist policies were characterized by military aggression, political manipulation, and economic exploitation, ultimately leading to significant regional tensions and setting the stage for its involvement in World War II.
In summary, Japan’s imperialist expansion in the early twentieth century was marked by strategic victories, territorial acquisitions, and aggressive policies that reshaped the dynamics of East Asia and established Japan as a dominant imperial power.
Question:-05
Discuss the political and economic implications of the Allied occupation of Japan.
Answer:
The Allied occupation of Japan, which began in 1945 following Japan’s surrender in World War II, had profound political and economic implications for the country.
Politically, the occupation led to significant reforms aimed at democratizing Japanese society. Under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), Japan underwent a comprehensive overhaul of its political system. The 1947 Constitution, often referred to as the "MacArthur Constitution," established a parliamentary democracy, reduced the powers of the emperor to a symbolic role, and introduced fundamental civil rights and liberties. These reforms aimed to democratize Japan, curtail militaristic tendencies, and promote political stability.
Economically, the occupation led to extensive reforms designed to rebuild Japan’s war-torn economy and ensure it would not pose a future threat. Land reforms were implemented, redistributing land from large landowners to tenant farmers, which improved agricultural productivity and reduced economic inequalities. Additionally, efforts were made to dismantle the zaibatsu (large industrial conglomerates), which were seen as symbols of militaristic and monopolistic control. This helped to democratize economic power and promote competition.
The occupation also focused on rebuilding Japan’s industrial base and promoting economic recovery. The U.S. provided substantial financial aid and technical assistance through programs such as the Marshall Plan for Japan, which facilitated reconstruction and economic growth. The economic policies and reforms introduced during the occupation laid the foundation for Japan’s rapid post-war economic recovery, eventually leading to the "Japanese economic miracle" of the 1950s and 1960s.
However, the occupation was not without its challenges and criticisms. Some viewed the reforms as impositions that undermined traditional Japanese values and institutions. Additionally, the occupation’s emphasis on economic recovery sometimes came at the expense of addressing deeper social issues.
In summary, the Allied occupation of Japan had significant political and economic implications. It introduced democratic reforms, restructured the economy, and set the stage for Japan’s rapid post-war recovery and growth. These changes fundamentally transformed Japan’s political landscape and economic structure, shaping the country’s trajectory in the latter half of the 20th century.
Assignment – III
Write a note on the following in about 100 words each.
Question:-06
Peoples Rights Movement in Japan.
Answer:
The People’s Rights Movement in Japan, which gained momentum during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was a significant social and political movement advocating for democratic reforms and civil liberties. Emerging in response to Japan’s autocratic Meiji government, the movement sought to address issues of political representation and individual freedoms. Activists and reformers pushed for the establishment of a constitutional government and expanded political rights. Key milestones included the 1889 promulgation of the Meiji Constitution, which introduced a form of parliamentary democracy but maintained significant imperial control. The movement continued to influence Japanese politics, leading to incremental reforms and the eventual establishment of more democratic institutions. Despite facing repression and limitations, the People’s Rights Movement laid the groundwork for Japan’s transition towards a more participatory and democratic society.
Question:-07
Sericulture in Japan
Answer:
Sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms for silk production, has been a crucial industry in Japan for centuries. Originating from ancient China, the practice was introduced to Japan around the 3rd century AD. By the Edo period (1603-1868), sericulture had become a well-established industry, with extensive cultivation of mulberry trees for feeding silkworms. Japan’s emphasis on high-quality silk production led to advancements in sericulture techniques, and the country became renowned for its fine silk products. The industry contributed significantly to Japan’s economy, particularly in rural areas where sericulture provided employment and supported local economies. In the 20th century, Japan’s silk industry faced competition from synthetic fibers and global markets, but it remains an important cultural and economic activity. Today, sericulture continues to be valued for its traditional craftsmanship and historical significance.
Question:-08
Japan and the Indian National Army
Answer:
The Indian National Army (INA), led by Subhas Chandra Bose during World War II, sought Japan’s support to achieve Indian independence from British rule. Japan, which was engaged in the war against Britain, saw the INA as a potential ally in weakening British colonial power in Asia. In 1942, Bose and the INA, initially formed from Indian prisoners of war in Singapore, aligned with Japan. The INA received military aid and training from Japan and aimed to stage an offensive against British forces in India. Despite initial successes, the INA faced significant challenges, including logistical issues and dwindling support. The campaign ended in 1945 with Japan’s defeat. While the INA’s military efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, the movement significantly impacted Indian nationalist sentiments and drew attention to the cause of Indian independence, influencing post-war political dynamics and contributing to the eventual end of British colonial rule in India.
Question:-09
Development of Trade Unions in Japan
Answer:
The development of trade unions in Japan began in the early 20th century, driven by industrialization and labor movements. Initially, labor organizations were limited and faced significant repression. However, the post-World War II period marked a turning point. Under Allied occupation (1945-1952), Japan saw substantial labor reforms, including the legalization of trade unions and the establishment of workers’ rights. The 1947 Constitution and the Labor Standards Law were pivotal in promoting labor rights and union activities. During the 1950s and 1960s, trade unions gained strength, advocating for better wages, working conditions, and labor laws. By the 1970s and 1980s, unions became influential in negotiating labor agreements and shaping economic policies. Despite facing challenges from economic changes and globalization, trade unions in Japan continue to play a crucial role in representing workers’ interests and advocating for labor rights.
Question:-10
Rise of Militarism in Japan
Answer:
The rise of militarism in Japan, particularly during the early 20th century, was characterized by increasing influence of the military in political and social spheres. This period saw a shift from Japan’s initial Meiji-era reforms to aggressive expansionist policies. The military’s growing power was fueled by nationalism, economic interests, and the desire for regional dominance. Key events included Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), which bolstered military prestige, and the subsequent invasion of Manchuria in 1931, marking the beginning of widespread militaristic expansion. The 1930s saw further militarization with the rise of ultranationalist groups and increased control over the government. The military’s dominance led to the establishment of a fascist state and contributed to Japan’s involvement in World War II. This era of militarism deeply impacted Japan’s domestic policies and international relations until its defeat in 1945.
