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IGNOU BCHCT-137 Solved Assignment 2024 | B.Sc. CBCS Chemistry
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IGNOU BCHCT-137 Assignment Question Paper 2024
bchct-137-solved-assignment-2024-qp-0b03831b-9f6e-4f3d-bad2-2f85f362edb1
- a) What is the ground state configuration of
Sc^(+) \mathrm{Sc}^{+} ion? Justify.
b) Why zine and cadmium are soft metals? - What is the composition of brass? Is it harder than pure copper? Give its uses.
- Why do lanthanoids mainly show ionic bonding? What is the nature of their melting and boiling points?
- What are the possible number of isomers for the octahedral complex ion
[Co(NH_(3))Cl_(2)]^(+) \left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right) \mathrm{Cl}_2\right]^{+} ? - What type of isomerism is exhibited in the complexes
[Co(NH_(3))_(5)(SO_(4))]Br \left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_5\left(\mathrm{SO}_4\right)\right] \mathrm{Br} and[Co(NH_(3))_(5)Br]SO_(4) \left[\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_3\right)_5 \mathrm{Br}\right] \mathrm{SO}_4 ? - Give the hybridized orbitals and the corresponding geometries of
[Ti(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(3+) \left[\mathrm{Ti}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_6\right]^{3+} and[CoCl_(4)]^(2=) \left[\mathrm{CoCl}_4\right]^{2=} . - Explain the directional properties of the five
d d orbitals in a free transition metal ion with the help of suitable diagrams. - Give the CFSE of an octahedral complex with seven electrons in the
d d orbitals.
9 Give the possible electronic configurations ford^(3) d^3 andd^(6) d^6 systems in a tetrahedral crystal field. - Which are the cases when tetrahedral geometry is favoured over octahedral geometry for metal complexes? Why are they so?
- Calculate the i) average speed ii) root mean square speed and iii) most probable speed of oxygen molecules at
515K 515 \mathrm{~K} . (Given{:M_(m)(O_(2))=0.016(kg)mol^(-1)) \left.M_m\left(\mathrm{O}_2\right)=0.016 \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}\right) - State the Dalton’s law of partial pressure and give its significance.
- Explain the pressure and volume correction terms to the ideal gas equation, and deduce van der Waals equation.
- What is meant by rate of a reaction? List and explain different types of rates used in chemical kinetics.
- With suitable example and figure explain the integrated rate law for first order reaction.
- For the reaction,
Cl_(2)(g)+2NO(g)rarr2NOCl(g) \mathrm{Cl}_2(\mathrm{~g})+2 \mathrm{NO}(\mathrm{g}) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{NOCl}(\mathrm{g}) , the initial concentrations,[Cl_(2)]_(0) \left[\mathrm{Cl}_2\right]_0 and[NO]_(0) [\mathrm{NO}]_0 are given below along the corresponding with initial rates.
Initial rate |
||
0.10 | 0.10 | |
0.20 | 0.10 | |
0.20 | 0.20 |
17. Give the reasons for the striking contrast in the boiling points of ethanol
18. What are the elements of symmetry? Give the suitable diagrams for any one of them.
19. Explain close packing in two dimensions for a crystalline solid with the help of a suitable diagram.
20. Give the consequences of Schottky and Frenkel defect.
BCHCT-137 Sample Solution 2024
bchct-137-solved-assignment-2024-ss-b0a87631-f2d0-400e-939b-0b99078c2d98
- a) What is the ground state configuration of
Sc^(+) \mathrm{Sc}^{+} ion? Justify.
1. Electronic Configuration
- Zinc (
Zn Zn ) has the electronic configuration[Ar]3d^(10)4s^(2) [Ar] 3d^{10} 4s^2 , and cadmium (Cd Cd ) has the electronic configuration[Kr]4d^(10)5s^(2) [Kr] 4d^{10} 5s^2 . In both cases, thed d orbitals are completely filled. The filledd d orbitals contribute to the stability of the electron configuration but do not significantly contribute to metallic bonding compared to elements with partially filledd d orbitals. The effectiveness of metallic bonding is a key factor in determining a metal’s hardness; stronger metallic bonds usually result in harder metals.
2. Metallic Bonding
- The strength of metallic bonds in zinc and cadmium is relatively weaker than in other transition metals with partially filled
d d orbitals. This is because the delocalized electrons in zinc and cadmium are primarily from thes s orbital, as thed d orbitals are fully occupied and do not contribute much to the bonding. The weaker metallic bonds make these metals softer and less rigid.
3. Crystal Structure
- Both zinc and cadmium crystallize in the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. While this structure is quite efficient in packing atoms, the particular arrangement in zinc and cadmium, combined with their electronic configurations, does not favor the formation of very strong metallic bonds. The directional nature of some of the metallic bonds in the hcp structure can also contribute to anisotropy in mechanical properties, which might influence the perceived softness.
4. Cohesive Energy
- The cohesive energy, which is a measure of the strength of the bonds holding a metal together, is relatively lower for zinc and cadmium compared to other transition metals. Lower cohesive energy correlates with lower melting points and softer materials.
Conclusion
- What is the composition of brass? Is it harder than pure copper? Give its uses.
Brass is an alloy primarily composed of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The proportions of copper and zinc can vary depending on the specific type of brass and its intended use, with copper content typically ranging from about 55% to 90%. The addition of zinc to copper results in an alloy with enhanced properties compared to pure copper, such as increased strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
Composition
- Standard Brass: The most common form of brass, known as "cartridge brass," contains about 70% copper and 30% zinc. This composition is well-balanced, offering good strength and ductility, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
- Special Brass Alloys: Other elements may be added to brass in small amounts to achieve specific properties. For example, lead (Pb) is often added (up to 3%) to improve machinability, while aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), and nickel (Ni) can be added to enhance corrosion resistance, strength, and color.
Hardness Compared to Pure Copper
Uses of Brass
- Musical Instruments: Brass is used to make horns, trumpets, trombones, and other brass instruments due to its acoustic properties.
- Decorative Items: Its gold-like appearance makes brass a popular choice for decorative items such as door handles, plaques, and jewelry.
- Plumbing and Water Fittings: Brass’s corrosion resistance makes it suitable for water pipes, faucets, and fittings.
- Ammunition Casings: The alloy known as cartridge brass (70% copper, 30% zinc) is commonly used for ammunition casings due to its workability and durability.
- Gears and Bearings: Brass is used in gears, bearings, and valves where low friction is required.
- Marine Hardware: The addition of elements like tin can make brass resistant to saltwater corrosion, making it suitable for marine hardware.
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