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Answer-1

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber were all prominent sociologists of the 19th and early 20th centuries who had distinct views on society, class, and solidarity.

Marx believed that society was divided into two classes: the bourgeoisie, or the owners of the means of production, and the proletariat, or the working class. He believed that class conflict was the driving force of social change, as the working class would eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie in a revolution and establish a classless society. Marx also believed that capitalist societies were inherently exploitative, as the bourgeoisie used the labor of the proletariat to generate profits for themselves.

Durkheim, on the other hand, focused on the concept of social solidarity and the role of social institutions in maintaining it. He believed that society was held together by shared values and beliefs, which he referred to as “collective consciousness.” Durkheim also believed that social solidarity was necessary for the functioning of society, as it provided a sense of unity and cohesion among individuals. He argued that social change could be brought about through the development of new forms of social solidarity, such as the rise of individualism in modern societies.

Weber, like Marx, also believed that class was a significant aspect of society, however, he saw it as being determined by an individual’s access to economic resources and power, not just their relationship to the means of production. He also believed that class was not the only important factor shaping society, but was rather one of many, including status, party and bureaucracy. For Weber, social change was driven by a variety of factors, including economic and technological developments, religious and cultural influences, and the actions of individuals and groups.

All three sociologists recognized the importance of social solidarity in maintaining societal stability, however, their views on how it is achieved differs. Marx believed that solidarity would come from the working class uniting against the bourgeoisie, while Durkheim saw it as stemming from shared values and beliefs. Weber, on the other hand, believed that social change could be brought about by a variety of factors, including the actions of individuals and groups.

Another important difference between the three sociologists is their views on the role of the state. Marx saw the state as a tool of the ruling class, used to maintain their power and exploit the working class. He believed that the state would eventually be abolished in a communist revolution. Durkheim, on the other hand, saw the state as a necessary institution for maintaining social order and solidarity. He believed that the state played an important role in enforcing shared values and beliefs and promoting cooperation among individuals. Weber, like Durkheim, recognized the importance of the state in maintaining social order, but also saw it as a source of bureaucracy and power struggles.

In conclusion, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber all had unique perspectives on society, class, and solidarity. Marx emphasized class conflict and the need for a revolution to create a classless society, Durkheim focused on the role of social institutions in maintaining social solidarity, and Weber emphasized the importance of multiple factors in shaping society. All of these sociologists contributed to our understanding of society and their work continues to be studied and debated today.