IGNOU BZYCT-133 Solved Assignment 2024 | B.Sc. CBCS Zoology
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IGNOU BZYCT-133 Assignment Question Paper 2024
bzyct-133-solved-assignment-2024-269ceb77-1d12-4dd0-a46f-3f40d69f905d
- a) Write two important differences between scales of reptiles and fishes.
- a) Mention the two types of endoskeletal structures found in vertebrates. What is the difference between their ground matrix?
i) The skeleton of the head is known as___ (vertebral column, pelvic girdle, skull).
ii) Cranium encloses and protects the ___(eye, heart, brain).
iii) The brain within the cranium is in contact with the spinal cord through ___ an aperture found at the hind end of the cranium (fenestra ovalis, foramen magnum, external nares).
iv) The vertebra with concavity infront and convexity behind is called ___ type (amphicoelous, procoelous, opisthocoelous).
v) The bone humerus of the upper arm articulates with the pectoral girdle at ___ cavity (glenoid, acetabulum, zygapophysis).
vi) Radio-ulna, a composite bone is found in ___ (rabbit, bat, frog).
- a) Describe the structure of the respiratory system of cartilaginous fishes and state how it differs from that of bony fishes.
- a) Write short note on the general structure of heart wall.
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Draw a well labeled diagram of the internal structures of ovary and describe the structures present in it.
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List at least three stages in gene expression that can be regulated to result in differentiated cell types? Explain any one of them with the help of an example.
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Mark the following statements as ‘True’ or ‘False’:
i) During development cells move by extending their cell processes in all directions without any polarity.
ii) The cytoskeleton of the cell is actively involved in cell movement and cell shape change.
iii) Cadherin on one cell binds strongly to similar cadherins molecules on other cells.
iv) Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that attach cells to other cells at the apical region.
v) Permissive interaction involves gene expression in the induced cell.
vi) Morphogens are paracrine signalling molecules.
vii) In apoptosis the cell organelles are delivered to lysosomes and the cell contents are spilled out.
viii) Cell death by necrosis indicates that cell has undergone a toxic reaction.
ix) Optic cup is induced to form the retinal layers by reciprocal induction from the lens.
x) Pattern formation is the result of morphogenesis. -
a) Briefly describe the spermiogenesis process.
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Describe the process of neurulation in chick.
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a) How is the placenta formed? What are its functions?
BZYCT-133 Sample Solution 2024
bzyct-133-solved-assignment-2024-ss-10cd7422-4b11-4531-9171-a6445826d855
- a) Write two important differences between scales of reptiles and fishes.
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Material and Structure:
- Reptile Scales: Reptile scales are made of keratin, the same protein that forms human hair and nails. They are part of the epidermis (outer skin layer) and do not overlap each other significantly.
- Fish Scales: Fish scales are usually made of bone-like material and are a part of the dermis (inner skin layer). They overlap like shingles on a roof, providing a flexible armor.
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Growth Pattern:
- Reptile Scales: As reptiles grow, their scales do not increase in size; instead, reptiles shed their skin periodically to accommodate body growth.
- Fish Scales: Fish scales grow with the fish, enlarging as the fish grows. They do not shed their scales in the same way reptiles shed their skin.
Process of Keratinization
- Cellular Production: Keratinization begins in the basal layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells (keratinocytes) are produced.
- Keratin Synthesis: As these cells mature and move towards the skin’s surface, they start producing and filling up with keratin.
- Cell Transformation: Gradually, the cells become flatter, their nuclei and organelles disintegrate, and they transform into tough, non-living keratin-filled structures.
- Formation of Protective Layer: These keratin-rich cells form the outermost layer of the skin, creating a barrier that is resistant to mechanical damage, water loss, and pathogen entry.
- Shedding: Eventually, these cells are shed from the surface of the skin as part of the natural renewal process.
Significance in Terrestrial Vertebrates
- Protection Against Dehydration: Keratinization is crucial for preventing water loss, a significant challenge for terrestrial life. The keratinized skin acts as a barrier to water, reducing evaporation.
- Physical Barrier: The tough nature of keratin provides a physical shield against abrasion, injury, and environmental factors like UV radiation.
- Adaptation to Diverse Environments: Different types of keratinization allow terrestrial vertebrates to adapt to a wide range of habitats, from deserts to forests.
- Formation of Appendages: Keratin is also essential in forming various appendages like hair in mammals, feathers in birds, and scales in reptiles, each serving specific functions like insulation, flight, and protection.
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