BEGS-183 Solved Assignment

1. How are new words built in English through affixation and compounding? Give suitable examples.
2. Briefly describe the process approach to writing.
3. What are the three major types of study skills? How do they help us to become better learners?
4. What aspects should be kept in mind while writing the introductory paragraph of a composition?
5. Briefly explain how a paraphrase, a precis and a summary differ from each other?

1. "While writing, we need to develop the skills of analysing as well as synthesizing." Explain.
2. What is expository writing? Describe with examples, the techniques used to write expository texts
3. Explain with examples, how flowcharts and tree diagrams can be used to present information clearly.
4. How is the structure of a formal letter different from that of an informal letter? Give sample structures of both.

Expert Answer:

Answer:

1. Affixation

• Definition: Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word and can alter its meaning.
• Examples:
  • Un-: Adding "un-" to "happy" forms "unhappy," indicating the opposite of happiness.
  • Re-: Adding "re-" to "write" forms "rewrite," meaning to write again.

• Definition: Suffixes are added to the end of a word and can change its grammatical function or meaning.
• Examples:
  • -ly: Adding "-ly" to "quick" forms "quickly," changing an adjective into an adverb.
  • -ness: Adding "-ness" to "happy" forms "happiness," changing an adjective into a noun that refers to a state or quality.

2. Compounding

• Closed Compounds: The words are joined together without spaces.
  • Examples:
    • Toothbrush: Combining "tooth" and "brush" to refer to a tool used for cleaning teeth.
    • Sunflower: Combining "sun" and "flower" to describe a type of flower that resembles the sun.
• Hyphenated Compounds: The words are joined by hyphens.
  • Examples:
    • Mother-in-law: Combining "mother," "in," and "law" to describe the mother of one’s spouse.
    • Well-being: Combining "well" and "being" to refer to a state of health and happiness.
• Open Compounds: The words are used together but remain separate.
  • Examples:
    • Post office: Combining "post" and "office" to refer to a place where mail is sent and received.
    • High school: Combining "high" and "school" to describe a type of educational institution.

Conclusion

Answer:

Key Stages of the Process Approach

1. Prewriting:
   • Description: This initial stage involves planning and brainstorming ideas before starting the actual writing. It includes activities like researching, outlining, and organizing thoughts.
   • Techniques: Freewriting, clustering, and making lists are common techniques used during this phase to generate ideas and structure them logically.
2. Drafting:
   • Description: In this stage, writers begin to put their ideas into a coherent structure. The focus is on getting ideas down on paper without worrying too much about perfection.
   • Objective: The goal is to create a rough draft that captures the main ideas and structure of the text. Multiple drafts are often produced during this phase.
3. Revising:
   • Description: Revising involves reviewing and making substantial changes to improve the content, structure, and clarity of the draft. It includes reorganizing sections, refining arguments, and ensuring that ideas flow logically.
   • Techniques: Writers might seek feedback from others, rework paragraphs, and refine their thesis to enhance the overall quality of the text.
4. Editing:
   • Description: Editing focuses on polishing the text by correcting grammatical errors, punctuation, spelling mistakes, and stylistic inconsistencies.
   • Objective: This stage ensures that the text is clear, accurate, and adheres to the required standards of language and format.
5. Publishing:
   • Description: The final stage involves preparing the text for submission or presentation. This includes formatting the document according to guidelines and finalizing any layout or design elements.
   • Objective: The text is now ready to be shared with its intended audience.

Conclusion

Answer:

1. Organizational Skills

• Note-Taking: Using methods such as the Cornell system or outlining to systematically record and review information.
• Using Study Aids: Creating flashcards, summaries, and mind maps to reinforce learning.
• Maintaining a Study Schedule: Keeping track of deadlines, exams, and study sessions to stay on top of academic responsibilities.

• Enhanced Clarity: Proper organization of materials helps in easier retrieval and review of information.
• Improved Efficiency: Streamlined notes and materials lead to more effective study sessions.
• Reduced Stress: An organized approach reduces last-minute cramming and anxiety about missing deadlines.

2. Time Management Skills

• Creating a Study Plan: Developing a schedule that allocates specific times for studying, assignments, and revisions.
• Using Time Management Tools: Employing calendars, planners, or digital apps to keep track of tasks and deadlines.
• Implementing the Pomodoro Technique: Working in focused intervals with regular breaks to maintain productivity.

• Increased Productivity: Effective time management helps in covering more material in less time.
• Better Balance: Balancing study with other activities reduces burnout and maintains overall well-being.
• Enhanced Focus: Structured time allocations minimize distractions and improve concentration.

3. Active Learning Strategies

• Summarization: Writing brief summaries of key concepts to reinforce learning.
• Self-Testing: Quizzing oneself or using practice tests to assess understanding and identify areas needing improvement.
• Teaching Others: Explaining concepts to peers or using the Feynman Technique to clarify understanding.

• Improved Retention: Actively engaging with material helps in better information retention and comprehension.
• Enhanced Critical Thinking: Active learning fosters deeper analysis and application of knowledge.
• Immediate Feedback: Techniques like self-testing provide quick insights into one’s grasp of the subject, allowing for timely adjustments.

Conclusion

Answer:

1. Hook or Attention-Grabber

• Anecdote: Sharing a brief, relevant story that relates to the main theme.
• Quote: Using a thought-provoking quote to introduce the topic.
• Question: Posing a question that piques curiosity and encourages the reader to think.

2. Background Information

• Context: Explaining the historical, cultural, or situational background of the topic.
• Definitions: Clarifying any complex or specialized terms that will be used in the composition.

3. Thesis Statement

• Direct Thesis: Clearly stating the main argument or purpose of the composition.
• Complex Thesis: Presenting a nuanced argument that will be explored in detail throughout the essay.

4. Purpose and Scope

• Purpose: Explaining why the topic is relevant and what the writer aims to achieve.
• Scope: Indicating the specific aspects of the topic that will be covered, helping the reader understand the focus of the composition.

5. Tone and Style

• Formal Tone: Using sophisticated language and a serious tone for academic or professional compositions.
• Informal Tone: Employing a conversational style for more casual or personal writing.

Conclusion

Answer:

1. Paraphrase

• Length: Paraphrases are usually about the same length as the original text.
• Purpose: Used to clarify or simplify a passage without changing its meaning. It is often employed in academic writing to demonstrate understanding or to integrate sources.
• Example: Original: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
  Paraphrase: "A speedy, brown fox leaps over a sluggish dog."

2. Precis

• Length: A précis is significantly shorter than the original text, typically around one-third of its length.
• Purpose: To provide a succinct overview of the main ideas and structure of the original text. It is used to convey the gist of the content without detailed explanations.
• Example: Original: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. It does so with great agility and speed, demonstrating its nimbleness. The dog, on the other hand, remains inactive and indifferent."
  Précis: "A nimble fox leaps over a passive dog, highlighting its agility."

3. Summary

• Length: A summary is shorter than the original text, usually focusing on the main ideas and leaving out less critical details.
• Purpose: To provide an overall understanding of the text’s content. Summaries are often used to give readers a quick overview of the material.
• Example: Original: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. It does so with great agility and speed, demonstrating its nimbleness. The dog, on the other hand, remains inactive and indifferent. The fox’s action contrasts sharply with the dog’s passivity."
  Summary: "The text describes a fox’s agility as it leaps over an indifferent dog, contrasting the fox’s speed with the dog’s inactivity."

Conclusion

Answer:

Answer:

• Clarity: The primary goal is to convey information clearly and logically.
• Objectivity: It relies on factual data and evidence rather than personal views or emotions.

1. Definition:
   • Description: Explaining key terms or concepts to ensure readers understand the topic.
   • Example: In an essay about climate change, defining terms like "greenhouse gases" and "global warming" helps clarify the discussion.
2. Classification:
   • Description: Organizing information into categories or types to make it easier to understand.
   • Example: An article on different types of renewable energy sources might classify them into solar, wind, and hydro energy, detailing each category’s characteristics.
3. Comparison and Contrast:
   • Description: Highlighting similarities and differences between two or more items to clarify their relative advantages or disadvantages.
   • Example: A guide comparing electric cars and gasoline cars could discuss their environmental impact, cost, and performance.
4. Cause and Effect:
   • Description: Exploring the reasons behind a phenomenon and its consequences.
   • Example: An explanation of how deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity can detail the causes of deforestation and its effects on ecosystems.
5. Process Analysis:
   • Description: Describing the steps involved in a process or procedure.
   • Example: A manual on how to bake a cake provides a step-by-step guide from gathering ingredients to the final baking process.

Answer:

• Description: Flowcharts use symbols and arrows to represent the sequence of steps in a process or system. They show how different components interact and the flow of operations from start to finish.
• Example: In a flowchart for a customer service process, boxes might represent steps such as "Receive Inquiry," "Assess Issue," "Resolve Problem," and "Follow Up." Arrows indicate the direction of the process, and decision points (e.g., "Is the issue resolved?") guide the flow based on different outcomes.

• Description: Tree diagrams illustrate hierarchical relationships and branching structures. They start from a central node and split into multiple branches, representing various categories or subcategories.
• Example: A tree diagram for organizing a company’s departments might start with a central node labeled "Company." Branches could represent main divisions like "Sales," "Marketing," and "Human Resources." Each division could further branch into specific teams or roles, such as "Regional Sales" and "Customer Support" under "Sales."

• Flowcharts: Provide a step-by-step visual representation of processes, helping to identify bottlenecks, decision points, and overall workflow.
• Tree Diagrams: Clarify hierarchical relationships and breakdown structures, making it easier to understand complex categorizations and connections.

Answer:

1. Sender’s Address: Located at the top left corner, including the sender’s full address.
   • Example: 123 Maple Street, Springfield, IL 62704
2. Date: Placed below the sender’s address.
   • Example: August 5, 2024
3. Recipient’s Address: Positioned below the date, including the recipient’s full address.
   • Example: Ms. Jane Doe, HR Manager, ABC Corp, 456 Elm Street, Springfield, IL 62705
4. Salutation: Uses formal greetings, addressing the recipient by title and last name.
   • Example: Dear Ms. Doe,
5. Body: Contains a structured message with an introduction, main content, and conclusion.
6. Closing: A formal sign-off, such as "Sincerely" or "Yours faithfully," followed by a comma.
   • Example: Sincerely,
7. Signature: The sender’s handwritten signature (if printed) or digital signature.
8. Typed Name: Typed full name below the signature.
   • Example: John Smith

1. Sender’s Address: Optional, often included only if the sender’s address is not already known to the recipient.
   • Example: (optional) 123 Maple Street, Springfield
2. Date: Positioned below the sender’s address, if included.
   • Example: August 5, 2024
3. Salutation: Uses a casual greeting, addressing the recipient by first name or a term of endearment.
   • Example: Dear Jane,
4. Body: Written in a conversational tone, with no strict structure. It often includes personal anecdotes, updates, or informal language.
5. Closing: Informal sign-off, such as "Best wishes," "Love," or "Cheers."
   • Example: Best wishes,
6. Signature: The sender’s name, usually typed or handwritten.

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