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1. Describe the main characteristics of action research. Explain the basic steps in which action research can be accomplished?

1. Problem-Centered: Action research is driven by a specific problem or issue that the researcher seeks to address. The research process is guided by the need to find practical solutions to the problem.
2. Collaborative: Action research often involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, such as teachers, administrators, or community members. This collaborative approach helps ensure that the research is relevant and meaningful to those affected by the problem.
3. Cyclical Process: Action research is conducted in a cyclical manner, with the researcher moving through phases of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. This iterative process allows for continuous improvement and refinement of the research methods and outcomes.
4. Participatory: Action research emphasizes the participation of those affected by the research, such as students, teachers, or community members. This participatory approach helps ensure that the research is grounded in the experiences and perspectives of those involved.
5. Practical Orientation: Action research is focused on generating practical solutions to real-world problems. The research findings are intended to be directly applicable to the context in which the research is conducted.
6. Reflective Practice: Action research encourages researchers to engage in reflective practice, critically examining their own assumptions, biases, and practices. This reflective approach helps ensure that the research is rigorous and unbiased.

1. Identify the Problem: The first step in action research is to identify a specific problem or issue that you want to address. This problem should be relevant to your context and have the potential for practical solutions.
2. Plan: Once you have identified the problem, you need to develop a plan for how you will address it. This plan should include specific goals, objectives, and strategies for data collection and analysis.
3. Act: The next step is to implement your plan and take action to address the problem. This may involve implementing interventions, changing practices, or implementing new programs.
4. Observe: As you implement your plan, you need to observe and collect data on the outcomes of your actions. This data should be collected systematically and objectively.
5. Reflect: After collecting data, you need to reflect on the outcomes of your actions. This reflection should involve critically analyzing the data and considering how it aligns with your initial goals and objectives.
6. Revise: Based on your reflections, you may need to revise your plan and make changes to your actions. This iterative process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting continues until you have successfully addressed the problem.
7. Share Findings: Finally, you should share your findings with others in your field. This may involve presenting your research at conferences, publishing articles, or sharing your findings with colleagues and practitioners.

2. Describe the need of research for improving educational practices. Explain how does ‘case-studies’ help in improving learning and teaching. Give suitable examples.

1. Evidence-Based Decision Making: Research helps educators make informed decisions about curriculum development, instructional strategies, and assessment practices. By relying on research-based evidence, educators can ensure that their practices are effective and aligned with best practices.
2. Continuous Improvement: Research helps educators and policymakers identify areas for improvement in the education system. By conducting research and evaluating outcomes, educators can identify what works well and what needs to be changed or improved.
3. Professional Development: Research provides valuable insights that can inform professional development programs for educators. By staying informed about the latest research findings, educators can enhance their teaching skills and stay up-to-date with best practices.
4. Meeting the Needs of Diverse Learners: Research helps educators understand the needs and characteristics of diverse learners. By conducting research on topics such as learning styles, multiple intelligences, and cultural diversity, educators can develop strategies to meet the needs of all students.
5. Policy Development: Research provides the foundation for developing education policies that are based on evidence rather than anecdotal or subjective opinions. Policymakers can use research findings to develop policies that are effective and beneficial for students and educators.
6. Improving Student Outcomes: Ultimately, the goal of research in education is to improve student outcomes. By identifying effective teaching and learning strategies, research can help educators create learning environments that promote student success.

1. Understanding Complex Issues: Case studies allow researchers to explore complex educational issues in depth. By examining real-life examples, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence learning and teaching.
2. Identifying Best Practices: Case studies can help identify best practices in teaching and learning. By examining successful case studies, educators can learn from effective strategies and apply them in their own practice.
3. Informing Policy and Practice: Case studies can inform education policy and practice by providing evidence of what works in specific contexts. Policymakers and educators can use case study findings to make informed decisions about curriculum, instruction, and assessment.
4. Promoting Reflective Practice: Case studies encourage reflective practice among educators. By analyzing case studies, educators can reflect on their own practice and identify areas for improvement.
5. Engaging Students: Case studies can be used as a teaching tool to engage students in real-life examples. By analyzing case studies, students can apply theoretical concepts to practical situations and develop critical thinking skills.

1. The Jigsaw Classroom: A case study conducted by psychologist Elliot Aronson demonstrated the effectiveness of the jigsaw classroom technique in improving intergroup relations and academic performance. The study showed that students who participated in the jigsaw classroom had higher levels of cooperation and achievement compared to traditional classrooms.
2. Project-Based Learning: Case studies have shown the benefits of project-based learning in improving student engagement and motivation. For example, a case study of a project-based learning initiative in a high school science class found that students were more engaged and motivated when working on authentic, real-world projects.
3. Differentiated Instruction: Case studies have highlighted the benefits of differentiated instruction in meeting the needs of diverse learners. For example, a case study of a middle school classroom found that differentiated instruction improved student achievement and engagement.
4. Teacher Professional Development: Case studies have shown the importance of teacher professional development in improving teaching practices. For example, a case study of a professional development program for mathematics teachers found that the program improved teachers’ knowledge and implementation of effective teaching strategies.

1. Activity-Based Learning: The Nali-Kali Project emphasizes activity-based learning, where students learn through hands-on activities rather than traditional rote memorization. This approach is designed to make learning more engaging and meaningful for students.
2. Use of Learning Cards: The Nali-Kali Project uses learning cards as a primary teaching tool. These cards contain colorful illustrations and interactive activities that help students understand concepts in a visual and interactive manner.
3. Multi-Grade and Multi-Level Teaching: In Nali-Kali classrooms, students of different grades and learning levels are grouped together. This approach allows for peer learning and collaboration, where older students help younger ones, creating a supportive learning environment.
4. Child-Centered Approach: The Nali-Kali Project is based on a child-centered approach to education, where the needs and interests of the child are at the center of the learning process. Teachers act as facilitators, guiding students rather than lecturing to them.
5. Community Participation: The Nali-Kali Project emphasizes community participation in the education process. Parents and community members are encouraged to actively participate in school activities and support their children’s learning at home.

1. Shift from Rote Learning to Active Learning: The Nali-Kali Project represents a shift from traditional rote learning to active, experiential learning. This innovative approach has been shown to improve student engagement and understanding.
2. Inclusive Education: By grouping students of different grades and learning levels together, the Nali-Kali Project promotes inclusive education. This approach ensures that all students, regardless of their academic abilities, have access to quality education.
3. Use of Technology: The Nali-Kali Project incorporates the use of technology, such as audio-visual aids and digital learning resources, to enhance the learning experience. This innovative use of technology helps make learning more interactive and engaging for students.
4. Community Engagement: The Nali-Kali Project actively involves parents and community members in the education process. This innovative approach recognizes the importance of community support in ensuring the success of educational initiatives.

4. Compute correlation of the marks of 12 students in rank order method. Scores (English) : $25,28,35,36,22,20,30,18,38,32,40,36$$25,28,35,36,22,20,30,18,38,32,40,36$quad25,28,35,36,22,20,30,18,38,32,40,36\quad 25,28,35,36,22,20,30,18,38,32,40,36$25,28,35,36,22,20,30,18,38,32,40,36$ Scores (Social Studies) : 20, 25, 26, 29, 15, 17, 25, 16, 28, 26, 38, 35

5. Describe the barriers for imparting inclusive education in schools.

1. Lack of Awareness and Understanding: Many educators, parents, and policymakers may not fully understand the concept of inclusive education or its benefits. This lack of awareness can lead to resistance or reluctance to implement inclusive practices.
2. Limited Resources: Schools may lack the resources, such as trained staff, specialized equipment, and accessible facilities, needed to support students with disabilities or special needs. This can make it challenging to provide a truly inclusive learning environment.
3. Negative Attitudes and Stereotypes: Negative attitudes and stereotypes towards students with disabilities or special needs can create barriers to their inclusion. These attitudes can lead to discrimination, bullying, and social exclusion.
4. Inadequate Support Systems: Schools may lack the necessary support systems, such as individualized education plans (IEPs), assistive technologies, and counseling services, to meet the diverse needs of students with disabilities or special needs.
5. Lack of Collaboration: Effective inclusive education requires collaboration among educators, parents, and support staff. However, lack of collaboration and communication can hinder the implementation of inclusive practices.
6. Inflexible Curriculum: A rigid curriculum that does not accommodate the diverse learning needs of students can be a barrier to inclusive education. A flexible curriculum that allows for differentiation and individualized instruction is essential for inclusive classrooms.
7. Legal and Policy Barriers: Legal and policy barriers, such as outdated laws or policies that do not support inclusive education, can hinder efforts to create inclusive learning environments.
8. Cultural and Societal Norms: Cultural and societal norms that value conformity and uniformity over diversity and inclusion can create barriers to inclusive education. These norms may need to be challenged and changed to promote inclusivity.

6. What are the different types of Interviews? What steps will you follow while conducting an interview?

1. Structured Interviews: In structured interviews, the interviewer asks a set of predetermined questions to all candidates. This type of interview allows for a systematic evaluation of candidates based on the same criteria.
2. Unstructured Interviews: Unstructured interviews are more casual and open-ended. The interviewer does not follow a set list of questions, allowing for a more conversational and flexible interaction.
3. Semi-Structured Interviews: Semi-structured interviews combine elements of both structured and unstructured interviews. The interviewer has a set list of questions but can also ask follow-up questions based on the candidate’s responses.
4. Behavioral Interviews: Behavioral interviews focus on past behavior and experiences to predict future behavior. Candidates are asked to provide examples of how they have handled specific situations in the past.
5. Panel Interviews: Panel interviews involve multiple interviewers who ask questions and evaluate candidates together. This type of interview allows for a more comprehensive assessment from different perspectives.
6. Group Interviews: Group interviews involve multiple candidates being interviewed together. This type of interview is often used to assess how candidates interact with others and collaborate in a group setting.

1. Prepare: Before the interview, review the candidate’s resume and prepare a list of relevant questions based on the job requirements.
2. Introduce Yourself: Start the interview by introducing yourself and explaining the purpose of the interview.
3. Ask Questions: Ask the candidate a series of questions to assess their qualifications, skills, and experience.
4. Listen Carefully: Pay attention to the candidate’s responses and ask follow-up questions to clarify or expand on their answers.
5. Take Notes: Take notes during the interview to record key points and observations.
6. Evaluate Responses: After the interview, evaluate the candidate’s responses based on the job requirements and your assessment criteria.
7. Provide Feedback: Provide feedback to the candidate, either during the interview or after, to help them understand how they performed and areas for improvement.
8. Follow Up: Follow up with the candidate after the interview to inform them of the next steps in the hiring process.

1. Idealism: Idealism emphasizes the importance of ideas and values in education. In practice, this translates into a focus on moral and intellectual development, with an emphasis on the pursuit of truth and knowledge.
2. Realism: Realism emphasizes the importance of the physical world and empirical evidence in education. In practice, this translates into a curriculum that includes the study of the natural sciences and a focus on observation and experimentation.
3. Pragmatism: Pragmatism emphasizes the practical application of knowledge in solving real-world problems. In practice, this translates into a curriculum that is relevant to students’ lives and encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
4. Existentialism: Existentialism emphasizes the individual’s freedom and responsibility in creating their own meaning in life. In practice, this translates into an educational approach that values personal expression, creativity, and self-discovery.
5. Constructivism: Constructivism emphasizes the active role of the learner in constructing their own understanding of the world. In practice, this translates into teaching methods that are interactive and student-centered, such as inquiry-based learning and project-based learning.

8. What are the main features of ‘Lok Jumbish Pariyojana’?

1. Community Participation: The program emphasized the active involvement of local communities, especially parents and village education committees, in the planning and implementation of educational initiatives.
2. Innovative Approaches: Lok Jumbish Pariyojana introduced innovative approaches to improve access to education, such as non-formal education centers, mobile schools, and education guarantee centers.
3. Capacity Building: The program focused on building the capacity of teachers, school administrators, and community members to enhance the quality of education and promote a child-friendly learning environment.
4. Gender Equality: Lok Jumbish Pariyojana promoted gender equality in education by encouraging the enrollment and retention of girls in schools and addressing gender-based barriers to education.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation: The program implemented a robust monitoring and evaluation system to track progress, identify challenges, and ensure accountability in the implementation of educational initiatives.