Write the output of the following C\mathrm{C} codes, with proper justification for each.
i)
main()
{
int a=2,b=4,c=5\mathrm{a}=2, \mathrm{~b}=4, \mathrm{c}=5; a=b+c\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}+\mathrm{c}; b=a+c\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{c}; c=a-b\mathrm{c}=\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b};
printf ("%d,%d,%d", a, b, c);
}
ii) main()
{
}
iii)
main()
{
int i,j=1i, j=1;
for ( i=1;i<=10;i=i+2)i=1 ; i<=10 ; i=i+2)
{ j=i-jj=i-j;
while( j<=2j<=2 )
printf("%d ", i+j++)i+j++);
}
}
iv) main()
{
int a=10,b=20,c=30\mathrm{a}=10, \mathrm{~b}=20, \mathrm{c}=30;
int **p=2* \mathrm{p}=2; a=c//**p\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{c} / * \mathrm{p}; b=c\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{c};
printf("a = %d,b=%d”,a,b)\% \mathrm{~d}, \mathrm{~b}=\% \mathrm{~d} “, \mathrm{a}, \mathrm{b});
}
v) func (int xx )
{
static int a=0a=0; a+=x\mathrm{a}+=\mathrm{x};
return(a);
}
main()
{
int pp;
for (p=1;p<=5;++p)(p=1 ; p<=5 ;++p)
printf("%d", fun(p));
}
(a) Explain the use of the functions getchar(), putchar(), gets() and puts() functions, with a suitable program.
(b) Arrange the following operators in descending order of their priority. If any two operators have the same priority, then specify their associativity.
(c) Write a loop that examines each character in a character type array called text, and determines how many of the characters are letters, how many are digits, how many are whitespace characters, and how many are other characters.
3. (a) Explain how will you read a three-dimensional array using for loops.
(b) Suppose you wish to solve the equation x^(5)+3x^(2)-10=0x^5+3 x^2-10=0 for xx. Rearrange this equation to get an appropriate fixed point iteration method. Then write a program to get an approximate value of the root of the equation. The initial guess must be entered by the user. Your programme must be able to flag a warning message if the initial guess is too far from the exact root. In that case, your program must be able to suggest an initial guess to the user. Terminate the program and print the current value of the root as soon as the difference between two successive approximations becomes smaller than 0.005 .
4. (a) How is an external variable defined? How is it initialised? What happens when an external variable definition does not include the assignment of an initial value? (3)
(b) When passing an argument to a function, what is the difference between passing by value and passing by reference?
(c) Explain the use of the string library functions strncpy () and strncat (), with the help of an example for each.
5. (a) A C program contains the following statements:
Suppose each character occupies one byte of memory. If the value assigned to uu is stored in (hexadecimal) address F8C and the value assigned to v is stored in the address F8D, then
i) What value is represented by &v?
ii) What value is assigned to pv?
iii) What value is represented by *pv?
iv) What value is assigned to uu ?
v) What value is represented by &u?
vi) What value is assigned to pu?
(b) How would you differentiate between the terms pointer to an array and array of pointers? Give proper examples.
6. (a) What does the following C\mathrm{C} function compute? Discover.
int some_fun(int n\mathrm{n} )
{
if (n%2==0)(\mathrm{n} \% 2==0)
return 2;
int d,s=sqrt(n)d, s=\operatorname{sqrt}(n);
for (d=3;d<=s;d=d+2)(d=3 ; d<=s ; d=d+2)
if (n%d==0(\mathrm{n} \% \mathrm{~d}==0 )
return d;
return nn;
}
(b) What do you understand by a nested structure? Explain with an example. Also, explain how would you access the members of a structure or a nested structure using pointers?
(c) Consider the following structure declaration of a doubly linked list:
struct dlink
{
int nodeid;
dlink *next;
dlink *prev;
} dlink_t;
A pointer of the head of the linked list is maintained as a global variable, whose definition is
dlink_t *head;
The function remove_element (dlink_t *rp) defined below needs to remove the node pointed to rp and adjust the head. The first node’s prev and the last node’s next are NULL.
remove_element (dlink_t *rp)
{
rp->prev->next == rp->next;
rp->next->prev == rp->prev;
if (head ==rp==\mathrm{rp} )
head == rp->next;
}
Explain whether the function remove_element () works properly or not.
7. (a) Write a C program which reads a line of text from keyboard, and writes the line to a file with lower case letters converted to upper case and vice-versa.
(b) Write the inorder, preorder and postorder traversals of the following binary search tree.
(c) Define a structure of type hms containing three integer members, called hour, minute and second, respectively. Then define a union containing two members, each a structure of type hms. Call the union members local and home, respectively. Declare a pointer variable called time that points to this union.
8. Write a function that evaluates an expression in RPN that is given as a string.
9. (a) Explain the meaning of the terms garbage collection, fragmentation, relocation and compaction.
(b) What do you understand by file organisation? Explain the methods of file organisation.
Write the output of the following C\mathrm{C} codes, with proper justification for each.
i)
main()
{
int a=2,b=4,c=5\mathrm{a}=2, \mathrm{~b}=4, \mathrm{c}=5; a=b+c\mathrm{a}=\mathrm{b}+\mathrm{c}; b=a+c\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{a}+\mathrm{c}; c=a-b\mathrm{c}=\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b};
printf ("%d,%d,%d", a, b, c);
}
In this C code, the printf function is adding the ASCII values of the characters ‘C’, ‘P’, ‘r’, ‘o’, ‘g’, ‘r’, ‘a’, and ‘m’, and then printing the sum as an integer.
For each iteration of the for loop, j is updated as j = i - j.
Then, a while loop runs as long as j <= 2, printing i + j and incrementing j by 1 each time.
Let’s break down each iteration of the for loop:
First Iteration (i = 1):
j = 1 - 1 = 0
While loop: j <= 2, so it prints 1 + 0 = 1, then j becomes 1 and prints 1 + 1 = 2, then j becomes 2 and prints 1 + 2 = 3, then j becomes 3 and the loop stops.
Second Iteration (i = 3):
j = 3 - 2 = 1
While loop: j <= 2, so it prints 3 + 1 = 4, then j becomes 2 and prints 3 + 2 = 5, then j becomes 3 and the loop stops.
There’s an issue in this code. The line int *p = 2; is trying to assign an integer value to a pointer, which is not correct in C. Pointers should be assigned the address of a variable or memory allocated using functions like malloc.
If the intention was to make p a pointer to an integer with the value 2, it should be done like this:
int val = 2;
int *p = &val;
Or, if the intention was to use p as a normal integer variable (not a pointer) with the value 2, it should be declared as:
int p = 2;
Assuming the second case (that p is meant to be a normal integer variable), the corrected code would look like this:
main()
{
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30;
int p = 2;
a = c / p;
b = c;
printf("a = %d, b = %d", a, b);
}
In this corrected code:
a is assigned the value of c / p, which is 30 / 2 = 15.
b is assigned the value of c, which is 30.
So, the output of the corrected code would be:
a = 15, b = 30
v) func (int xx )
{
static int a=0a=0; a+=x\mathrm{a}+=\mathrm{x};
return(a);
}
main()
{
int pp;
for (p=1;p<=5;++p)(p=1 ; p<=5 ;++p)
printf("%d", fun(p));
}
Answer:
There’s a minor issue in the code: the function name in the printf statement is fun, but the function is defined as func. These names should match. Assuming the function name is intended to be fun, here’s the corrected code:
#include<stdio.h>intfun(int x)
{
staticint a = 0;
a += x;
return a;
}
intmain()
{
int p;
for (p = 1; p <= 5; ++p)
printf("%d ", fun(p));
return0;
}
Let’s go through the code step by step:
Function fun: This function takes an integer x as an argument and has a static integer variable a. The static variable a retains its value between function calls. In each call, x is added to a, and the updated value of a is returned.
Main Function:
A for loop runs from p = 1 to p = 5.
In each iteration, the function fun is called with the current value of p, and the returned value is printed.
Here’s what happens in each iteration of the loop:
So, the output of the given C code is 1 3 6 10 15.
(a) Explain the use of the functions getchar(), putchar(), gets() and puts() functions, with a suitable program.
Answer:
The functions getchar(), putchar(), gets(), and puts() are standard input/output functions in C used for character and string handling.
getchar(): This function is used to read a single character from the standard input (usually the keyboard). It doesn’t take any arguments and returns the read character. If there’s an error or end of file is reached, it returns EOF.
putchar(): This function is used to write a single character to the standard output (usually the console). It takes a character as an argument and returns the written character. If there’s an error, it returns EOF.
gets(): This function is used to read a string from the standard input into a buffer until a newline character is encountered or end of file is reached. It’s considered unsafe because it can lead to buffer overflow, so it’s better to use fgets() instead.
puts(): This function is used to write a string to the standard output followed by a newline character. It takes a string as an argument and returns a non-negative number if successful, or EOF if there’s an error.
Here’s a simple program demonstrating the use of these functions:
#include<stdio.h>intmain() {
char c;
char str[100];
printf("Enter a character: ");
c = getchar(); // Read a characterprintf("You entered: ");
putchar(c); // Write the characterprintf("\n");
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(str); // Read a string (unsafe, consider using fgets instead)printf("You entered: ");
puts(str); // Write the string with a newlinereturn0;
}
In this program:
getchar() is used to read a single character from the user.
putchar() is used to display the entered character.
gets() is used to read a string from the user (though it’s unsafe and not recommended).
puts() is used to display the entered string with a newline at the end.
Note: In modern C programming, it’s recommended to use fgets() instead of gets() for reading strings to avoid buffer overflow issues.
(b) Arrange the following operators in descending order of their priority. If any two operators have the same priority, then specify their associativity.
In C, operators have a defined precedence (priority) and associativity. Here’s the list of the given operators in descending order of their priority, along with their associativity:
* (unary): Unary operators have the highest precedence among the listed operators. Associativity: Right to left.
++ (unary): Unary increment operator has the same precedence as the unary * operator. Associativity: Right to left.
* (binary): Binary multiplication operator. Associativity: Left to right.
%: Remainder operator has the same precedence as the binary * operator. Associativity: Left to right.
+: Binary addition operator. Associativity: Left to right.
-: Binary subtraction operator has the same precedence as the binary + operator. Associativity: Left to right.
!=: Inequality operator. Associativity: Left to right.
+=: Addition assignment operator has the lowest precedence among the listed operators. Associativity: Right to left.
So, the descending order of priority with associativity is:
* (unary), ++ (unary) [Right to left]
* (binary), % [Left to right]
+, - (binary) [Left to right]
!= [Left to right]
+= [Right to left]
(c) Write a loop that examines each character in a character type array called text, and determines how many of the characters are letters, how many are digits, how many are whitespace characters, and how many are other characters.
Answer:
We can use a loop to iterate through each character in the array and use the functions isalpha(), isdigit(), and isspace() from the ctype.h header file to classify each character. Here’s an example in C:
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IGNOU Assignment Solution
IGNOU Assignment Solution
IGNOU Assignment Solution
